Efficacy and Impact of Peer-Led Education for Persons with Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda: A Pre-Post Implementation Study

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Universal TB education and counseling (TEC) is routinely recommended for promoting knowledge and medication adherence, but the quality of delivery often varies because of inadequate clinic space, time, and health worker training. Peer-led counseling is a promising but understudied solution to these challenges. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a peer-led TEC strategy among newly diagnosed adults initiating TB treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, pre-post implementation study comparing the routine, healthcare-worker-led and peer-led strategies for delivery of TEC to consecutive adult persons with TB at a large, public primary-care clinic. Trained staff administered a standardized TB knowledge survey to all persons with TB immediately following TEC. We compared TB knowledge by type of TEC received using t-tests. Results We enrolled 161 persons with TB, 80 who received conventional TEC from health workers between June and July 2018, and 81 who received peer-led TEC between August and November 2019. The proportions of women (28% vs. 31%, p = 0.64) and persons living with HIV (36% vs 30%, p = 0.37) were similar in the pre- and post-implementation periods. Peer-led TEC was associated with a more significant increase in disease-specific (difference + 21%, 95% CI + 18% to + 24%, p < 0.0001) and treatment-specific TB knowledge scores (difference + 14%, 95% CI + 10% to + 18%, p < 0.0001) than routine healthcare worker-delivered TEC. All TB knowledge constructs were significantly higher for those in the post-implementation period than those in the pre-implementation period. Nine participants met our threshold for adequate knowledge (score ≥ 90%) for disease-specific TB knowledge in the pre-implementation period compared to 63 (78%) in the post-implementation period (+ 67%, 95% CI + 55% - +78%, p < 0.001). Twenty-eight (35%) met the adequate knowledge threshold for TB treatment-specific knowledge in the pre-implementation period compared to 60 (74%) in the post-implementation period (+ 39%, 95% CI + 25 to + 53%, p < 0.0001). Finally, the proportion achieving TB treatment success (cure or completed) increased substantially from the pre-implementation period (n = 49, 68%) to the post-implementation period (n = 63, 88%), a difference of + 19% (95% CI + 6% to + 33%, p = 0.005). Conclusion Our findings suggest that peer-led TEC is more efficacious than routine TEC at improving TB knowledge and treatment outcomes. Future studies should evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the peer-led TEC strategy when scaled to a larger number of clinics.