Identification of valid anatomical landmarks to locate and protect recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery: A cadaveric study

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is the most critical structure in terms of intricacy. Anatomic variations of the nerve may further make thyroid surgery cumbersome. The present study was undertaken to provide comprehensive knowledge about the soundness of commonly used anatomical landmarks such as Berry's ligament (BL), tracheoesophageal groove (TEG), inferior thyroid artery (ITA) and the midpoint of the posterior border of the thyroid gland in the identification of the nerve intraoperatively. Methods Thirty adult cadavers were dissected to identify the RLN in the neck and to locate it in relation to the aforementioned anatomical landmarks. Results The RLN/BL relationship: RLN was most often located superficial to the BL (88.3%), followed by deep to the BL in 8.4%, and piercing the BL in 3.3% of cases, respectively. The RLN/TEG relationship: the RLN was located inside the TEG in most cases (71.7%), followed by RLN lying outside the TEG in 28.3%. Outside the groove, it was most commonly found lateral to the TEG (64.7%). RLN/ITA relationship: the nerve was passing deep to the artery in most of the cases (65%), followed by superficial (30%) and rarely (5%) in-between the branches. RLN/ midpoint posterior border of thyroid relationship: In 57 (95%) cases, RLN was coursing in the area posterior to the midpoint of the posterior border of the gland with an average distance of 4.95 ± 2.23 mm ranging between 2.21mm to 12.1mm. Conclusions Both the BL and TEG are potentially crucial for safeguarding RLN. Although in results, BL turns out to be more consistent than TEG, we propose the utilization of both these anatomical landmarks together for complication-free neck surgeries. Furthermore, the midpoint of the posterior border of the thyroid turns out to be the single most consistent landmark for identifying RLN during partial thyroidectomy.