Enhancement of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Performance with Nitrogen-Functionalized Graphite Felt Electrodes Etched by K2 FeO4

Abstract

Abstract Doping with oxygen and nitrogen in graphite felt (GF) is critical for enhancing the activity of the electrode material in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). In this paper, we present a combined approach that utilizes Fe etching and nitrogen doping by means of K2FeO4 and NH3 to modify the surface structure of graphite fibers. The results show that the innovative approach enhances the disordered structure of the surface carbon of GF and substantially improves the oxygen and nitrogen functionalized groups. This modified GF is completely hydrophilic, and its assembled electrode energy efficiency is 80.08% at a current density of 80 mA∙cm− 2, compared with 69.87% for the pristine GF. The energy efficiency of the modified GF was maintained at 81.8% after 50 charge-discharge cycles. This can be attributed to the reduced internal resistance of these modified GF electrode as well as to the improved mass transport and charge redox exchange towards VO2+/VO2+ redox couple. The approach of combined Fe etching and nitrogen doping is a simple and effective technique that significantly boosts the performance of VRFB.