Ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil and tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) against Haemonchus contortus

Abstract

Abstract Haemonchosis is a helminthic disease affecting ruminants worldwide. The anthelminthic resistance has become raised. Medicinal plants are safely used as synthetic anthelmintics. Currently, the efficacy of black pepper essential oil (BPO) and tea tree oil (TTO) were in vitro evaluated against H. contortus adults, eggs and larvae at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml in addition to the commercially used albendazole at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. Oils were used in both normal and nanoparticles-loaded forms. Oxidative stress enzymes of worms were estimated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for treated worms was done. Both normal and nanoemulsion forms of both BPO and TTO stopped the adult motility [BPO 2.5 hours (hrs), NBPO 1.5hrs, TTO 3 hrs, NTTO 1.5 hrs] and induced a marked decrease in the oviposition. Post treatment, the egg development and hatching were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced. The damage of the egg shell, embryonal cessation and destruction of larvae occurred. Noticeable elevated antioxidant enzymes (catalase CAT, glutathione transferase GST and glutathione GSH) were found, while oxidative enzymes (lipid peroxidation LPO and nitric oxide synthase NOS) deceased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both oil-treated worms revealed anterior ends damage and several cuts associated with cuticular pores. The use of albendazole induced more or less anthelmintic activities, enzymatic activities with less morphological alterations of adults revealed by SEM. This study proved the marked anthelmintic potency of the BPO and TTO and their nanoemulsion forms against H. contortus rather than the widely used anthelminthic drugs.