Exploring the Impact of Smog on Healthy Male Rat Physiology: A Holistic Approach Integrating Behavior, Immunology, Histopathology, and Antibiotic- Resistant Gene

Abstract

Abstract This study has investigated the repercussions of extended exposure to smog on the behavioral, immunological, and histopathological dimensions in healthy male rats. The research utilized an experimental design with two groups, each comprising 12 rats. Group I, identified as the control group, was further divided into subgroups (A-Islamabad & B-Lahore) and placed in a smog-free environment. Group II, the test group, was also subdivided into subgroups (A-Islamabad & B-Lahore) and exposed to a smog-laden atmosphere for a 60-day duration. Following this exposure period, comprehensive behavioral and immunological testing was conducted. Subsequently, the rats were humanely euthanized through cervical dislocation for an in-depth histopathological analysis of lung tissues. Behavioral assessments included the open field test, evaluating locomotion, anxiety, and exploratory tendencies. The Y-maze test assessed spontaneous alternation and working memory. These evaluations aimed to unveil the impact of smog exposure on the mental well-being of the rats. Immunological analyses involved the collection of blood samples for the assessment of levels of CD4 and CD8, providing insights into oxidative stress in both control and test groups. Following the comprehensive testing, the animals were sacrificed, and lung tissues were meticulously separated for subsequent histopathological examination. Further, metagenomic analysis of smog-exposed rat lung tissues reveal antibiotic resistant gene profiles. The research has successfully revealed potential alterations in behavior, immunological, and histopathology induced by prolonged smog exposure in healthy male rats. The outcomes of this study contribute significantly to our understanding of the health implications associated with environmental smog pollution.