Abstract
The rapid urbanization, demographic shifts, and consumer behavior that have resulted in the sector's negative social, economic, and environmental impacts have not only captured the public's attention but also presented municipalities and decision-makers, as well as the general public, with new obstacles to overcome to manage the sector in a way that is both environmentally responsible and economically viable (Diener, 2010). A higher level of life is required due to population growth at such a rapid rate, which greatly increases the production of solid waste, either directly or indirectly. Urban development, economic expansion, and a system's effectiveness in collecting and treating trash are the main determinants of the volume and complexity of waste produced. According to Kaza et al. (2018), global garbage production is predicted to rise from 2 billion tonnes in 2016 to 3.4 billion tonnes in 2050, with Asian and African nations making up the majority of the increase. Inadequate management of organic waste is one of the biggest issues in emerging nations, which could have catastrophic effects on both the environment and anthropogenic activity. Composting is a tried-and-true method for handling organic waste that can drastically cut down on trash generation. The efficacy of composting can be enhanced by the conversion of organic waste using saprophage (CORS) systems, which feed organisms (saprophages) with decomposing organic waste. As organic waste converters, the Hermetia illucens Linnaeus (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) black soldier fly (BSF) has been introduced. Researchers have concentrated on a BSF-based technique for treating organic waste that is very new (Zurbrugg et al., 2018). BSF larvae (BSFL) eat organic-rich waste such as food scraps, agro-industrial byproducts, and dairy manure voraciously (Nguyen et al., 2015; Meneguz et al., 2018). As a result, the nutrients in BSFL can be transformed into crucial proteins and lipids needed in animal feed (Liu et al., 2017), filling the gap left by the scarcity of conventional animal feed, whose cost has been rising over time. The waste from the BSFL bioconversion process can also be applied as fertilizer (Xiao et al., 2018).