Association between breakfast consumption and handgrip strength：A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross- sectional study

Abstract

Abstract Background In the past decade, several studies examined the association between breakfast consumption and handgrip strength, there are conflicting evidences on the association between breakfast consumption and handgrip strength. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to further identify the association between breakfast consumption and handgrip strength.Methods Original research studies involving breakfast consumption and handgrip strength from database inception to September 15, 2021 were selected from Web of Science, Pubmed, Medline and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A random effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of handgrip strength for the highest versus lowest category of breakfast consumption.Results After evaluation of titles and abstracts, 7 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and 4 of them were included in meta-analysis. All studies were considered having higher quality of publications. An positive and insignificant association between breakfast consumption (lowest vs. highest) with handgrip strength was shown (Hedges' g = 0.09; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.24; P = 0.21). Further analyses found a significant association between regular breakfast consumption and higher handgrip strength in female (Hedges' g = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.39; P = 0.03) but not in male (Hedges' g = 0.06; 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.24; P = 0.52). The heterogeneity in the results of this meta-analysis could be partly explained by adjustment for significant confounding factors and the measuring tools of handgrip strength. Results from subgroup analyses suggested that stratified analysis revealed a significant association between regular breakfast consumption and higher handgrip strength (Hedges' g = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.24; P < 0.01) in studies adjusting significant confounding factors, and the association between regular breakfast consumption and higher handgrip strength are significant (Hedges' g = 0.11; CI: 0.07 to 0.15; P < 0.01) when handgrip strength was measured by TKK 5401.Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that regular breakfast consumption is positively associated with higher handgrip strength.