Electrochemical oxidation of Fe (II) using chlorpromazine drug at boron-doped diamond electrode: application to in vivo mechanism study interaction of chlorpromazine on hemoglobin iron and evaluation of some biomolecules

Abstract

Abstract In this work, the electrochemical properties of aqueous chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) in the presence of Fe (II) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry at a boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The results showed that an EC′ reaction mechanism occurs, where electrochemically generated CPZ species (cation radical) is reduced by Fe (II) back to the parent CPZ and Fe (II) oxidized to Fe (III). Based on the electrochemical results, the interaction of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a widely used antipsychotic tranquillizer, with the allosteric protein hemoglobin has been studied. First, four groups of 6 female rats were selected in the weight range of 400 to 450 g. They were injected with different concentrations of chlorpromazine over a 3-week period, and the concentrations of hemoglobin, methemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), and hematocrit (HCT) were analyzed in the blood of each rat. After injection of different concentrations of the drug, the amount of hemoglobin) as a source of Fe (II)) decreased but the amount of methemoglobin (as a source of Fe (III) increased. Also, UV spectroscopic measurements in the range of 200–700 nm indicate the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in chlorpromazine-treated rat compared to the normal sample and there was a direct relationship between increasing the percentage of methemoglobin concentration of chlorpromazine. furthermore, the amount of RBC and HCT were measured. The results showed that the RBC (21.05–56.52%) and HCT (10.04–53.19%) were decreased. Finally, this study demonstrates a new mechanism for the effects of CPZ drug on hemoglobin iron in rat blood base on the electrochemical results.