Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Annona muricata ethanolic leaf extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) (In-vitro)

Abstract

Abstract Background Periodontitis is an oral disorder triggered by chronic inflammation, and a major cause of human tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a prominent component in the etiology of chronic periodontitis which forms a bacterial “red complex” with Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. P. gingivalis can invade the periodontal tissue and lower the host-defense mechanisms by deregulating immune and inflammatory responses. In parallel, Streptococcus sanguinis represents oral commensal bacteria that act as pioneers for bacterial colonization in biofilm formation. A plant of traditional medicine to inhibit bacterial growth is soursop (Annona muricata L.) that contains active chemical compounds, namely alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Aim The study aimed to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of soursop leaf extract on P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis, and to compare the effect of the extract to that of the positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Methods Ethanol extract of soursop leaves was prepared at concentrations of 60, 50, 25, 12,5, 6,25, and 3,125 vol%. The antibacterial effectiveness of soursop leaf extract on P. gingivalis dan S. sanguinis is tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration. Results The observed MIC values of soursop leaf extract on P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis were 25% and 12,5%, while the MBC values were 50% and 60% (vol), respectively. There were significant differences in the inhibitory concentration of soursop leaf extract and positive control by 0,2% chlorhexidine against both P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis in post-hoc Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Ethanol extract of soursop leaves can effectively inhibit and kill P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis in vitro.