Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) (Formerly Sluggish Cognitive Tempo), Autism, and Insomnia Symptoms in Childhood Predict CDS in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study

Abstract

Abstract Our study is the first using multiple variables to compare concurrent with longitudinal predictors of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS). The population-based sample comprised 376 individuals (mean baseline age 8.7 and follow-up 16.4 years) rated by parents on the Pediatric Behavior Scale. The baseline CDS score was the strongest predictor of the follow-up CDS score. Baseline autism and insomnia symptoms also significantly predicted follow-up CDS. Multiple variables were concurrently related to CDS at both baseline and follow-up, including autism, insomnia, inattention, somatic complaints, and excessive sleep. Additionally, follow-up depression positively predicted follow-up CDS, and baseline hyperactivity/impulsivity negatively predicted baseline CDS. Oppositional defiant/conduct problems and anxiety were nonsignificant. Age, sex, race, and parent occupation were not related to CDS, and correlations between baseline CDS and 15 IQ, achievement, and neuropsychological test scores were nonsignificant. Results indicate childhood CDS is the strongest risk factor for adolescent CDS, followed by autism and insomnia symptoms.