An Innovative Investigation on the Clinical, Radiological, and Biochemical Alterations in Various Degrees of Dental Fluorosis with and without Periodontitis

Abstract

Abstract This study aimed to assess clinical and biochemical parameter levels in dental fluorosis subjects with and without periodontitis. Besides, radiographic alveolar bone changes in jaws among periodontal patients in terms of cortical bone thickness, trabecular bone, and density changes were attempted using CBCT. A total of 40 subjects having dental fluorosed teeth with and without periodontitis were selected and human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected for estimation of sialic acid (SA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) by Colorimetric Analysis. Various alveolar CBCT measurements were considered, and the overall assessment for bone density was significantly higher in FD (657.6 ± 270.91) group than the FH group (526.3 ± 260.03) (p < 0.00). The thick dense trabecular pattern was found to occur in 80% of the FD group as compared to 63% in the FH group (p < 0.017). The grade-wise and overall assessment was done. The FD group shows an increase in PI, GBI, CPI-PPD, and SA than the FH group, whereas CS no significant difference in both these groups. Moreover, GCF SA levels are highest (686.33) (p < 0.005 S) in FD and GCF CS levels in the FH group (47.05) and FD group (46.52) almost similar, and hence p = 0.686 which is statistically non-significant. Nevertheless, there is a need for an hour to conduct studies on various endemic fluoride belts globally and appreciate the hidden role of fluorosis. However, fluorosis proved to be an environmental risk factor and further studies are required to decipher its destructive role systemically as well.