A potential Entomological and epidemiological drivers for Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia after 55 Years
Author:
Waldetensai Abate1, Abose Ebise1, Getachew Abebe1, Tadesse Henok1, Meharenet Behabilom2, Hidoto Moges2, Difabachew Hailemariam1, Eukubay Araya1, Kassahun Alemayehu3, Gonfa Geremew1, Wakgari Tesfa4, Manaye Nigus5, Hailemichael Tsegalem6, Kore Kokeb2, Asfaw Netsanet2, Hassen Jemal5, Mengesha Wondu6, Tsega Daniel1, Abera Adugna1, Bokicho Belachew7, Lemango Fiseha7, Mamecha Tihitina7, Teka Frezer7, Achamyeleh Kelelaw7, Melese Tariku7, Mulugeta Yimer1, Wossen Mesfin1, Regassa Feyisa1, Tasew Geremew1, Ali Abraham1
Affiliation:
1. Ethiopian Public Health Institute 2. Animal Health Institute 3. Arba Minch University 4. Federal Environment Protection Agency 5. World Health Organization 6. Ministry of Agriculture 7. SNNPR, Health Bureau
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Sleeping Sickness, Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector- borne disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b). Sleeping sickness in Ethiopia was reported in 1967 for the first time. Recently in Southern parts of Ethiopia, in August 2022, five (5) cases of sleeping sickness (T. b. rhodesiense) were confirmed. Following this outbreak, the current investigation was aimed to identify the entomological and epidemiological drivers for the reemergence of HAT outbreak and recommend appropriate interventions. Methods: A cross sectional study design with descriptive data analysis was used. Tsetse fly collection and blood samples from cattle Animal were taken. NGU and bio-conical traps were used to determine the distribution (density and abundance) of the vector. About 10μl of blood was collected from the marginal ear vein of 301 cattle animals using the heparinized microhematocrit capillary. The parasite detection was carried out through vector dissection under binocular stereo-microscope (magnification of 60X) and microscopic examination from serum of Animals using the Buffy coat method. Results: A total of 329 tsetse flies were captured and identified to Glosina (G.) palidipes 259 (60.4%) and Glossina fuscipes 70 (16.3%). 188 (51.1%) of tsetse flies were collected from Dembagofa with 94 apparent density. Among all captured Tsetse fly, 39 (11.8%) of Tsetse were fed with high female apparent density in eachecological variation: wood land (51), Bush land (20) and grass land (11). Overall, the apparent density of tsetse fly was high in Wood land (93): G. pallidipes (76.5) and Bush land (36.5). Among all examine cattles for the presence of parasite, 9 cattles were detected positive with an overall prevalence of 3%. T. congolense 6 (2%) and T. vivax 1 (0.3%) with 2 (0.7%) suspected brucei. The parasite prevalence Trypanosoma was 4 (4.6%) in poor body a condition (Bcs) cattle. The animals in age range 5 - 9 years were infected high with 7 (5.3%) prevalence. Conclusion: The current study revealed that there are high-risk factors that predispose the community to Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to the presence of two different species of Tsetse flies and many animal reservoirs. The transmissions of Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are related to environmental, Vector, and human factors. Further geographically expanded investigation should be conducted throughout the country.
Publisher
Research Square Platform LLC
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