Quadruplet expanded DNA (QED) genetic code for eukaryotic cells**

Abstract

Abstract QED genetic code for eukaryote cells is developed by analyzing triplet gene encoding and overcoming the lack of transcription and splicing regulations. While verifying the triplet genetic code, Nobel laureate H.G. Khorana had trouble synthesizing self-complementarity forming Poly r-dinucleotides adjacent bases, not promoting polypeptide formation, a noncoding. The QED noncoding codon has a similar trait. Here, the QED codon is assumed to comprise all four DNA bases (T, C, A, and G); the code is position-independent and symmetric. The self-complementarity forming adjacent bases (AU) and (C G) with any two NN (N any T, C, A, and G) bases are noncoding. Four DNA bases arranged in a 4x4 square symmetric matrix yield ten independent elements, which set in a 10x10 square symmetric matrix yield 55 independent elements. Under QED assumptions, 55 quadruplets fall into two groups: 20 independent protein-encoding codons and 35 independent noncoding codons applicable to regulating and controlling synthesis, transcription, and splicing processes. Since gene variants lead to dysfunctional protein-causing diseases, steps to correct dysfunctional proteins are described, anticipating a strategy for developing cures for rare diseases and multigenic cancers. ** Patent Pending