“Smart” BLE Wearables for Digital Contact Tracing in Care Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic – a Process Evaluation of the CONTACT Feasibility Study.

Abstract

Abstract Background Rapid and mass transmission of the Sars-cov2 virus amongst vulnerable people led to devastating effects from COVID-19 in care homes. The CONTACT intervention introduced Bluetooth Low Energy “smart” wearable devices (BLE wearables) as a basis for automated contact tracing in, and feedback on infection risks and patterns to, care homes to try and improve infection prevention and control (IPC). We planned a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of CONTACT. To be feasible, homes had to adopt CONTACT’s technology and new ways of working. This paper reports on the process evaluation conducted alongside CONTACT’s feasibility study and explains why it lacked the feasibility and acceptability for a definitive RCT. Methods This mixed methods process evaluation used Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) qualitative (interviews, field notes, study case report forms and documents, and observation) and quantitative (survey instruments, counts of activity) data to plan, implement and analyse the mechanisms, effects and contextual factors that shaped the (lack of) feasibility and acceptability of the CONTACT intervention. Results Thirteen themes within four core NPT constructs explained CONTACT’s lack of feasibility. Coherence: the home’s varied in the scale and extent of commitment and understanding of the technology and study procedures. Leadership credibility was important but compromised by competing priorities. Management and direct care staff saw CONTACT differently. Work to promote (cognitive participation) and enact (collective action) CONTACT was burdensome and failed to be prioritised over competing COVID-19-related demands on time and scarce human and cognitive resources. Ultimately, staff appraisal of the value of CONTACT-generated information and study procedures (reflexivity) was that any utility for IPC was insufficient to outweigh the perceived burden and complexity involved. Conclusions: Dismissing BLE wearables' potential for capturing contacts is premature. In non-pandemic conditions, with more time, better co-design, and integration of theory-driven implementation strategies tailored to care homes' unique contexts researchers could enhance normalisation in readiness for future pandemic challenges. Trial registration ISRCTN registration: 11204126 registered 17/02/2021