Anaerobic gram-negative rod bacteremia as a marker of gastrointestinal cancer in Japanese patients: A single-center retrospective study

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia has been suggested as a clinical marker of occult cancer; however, no studies are available in this regard in the Japanese population. Here, we investigated the risk factors for gastrointestinal cancer with GNR bacteremia. Methods Patients with GNR bacteremia admitted to St. Luke’s International Hospital between January 2011 and July 2021 were included. The clinical data of patients with and without cancer, 1 year before and after GNR bacteremia diagnosis, were compared. Univariate analysis was performed using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, while multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis, and a p of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of 2,296 GNR bacteremia-positive patients, 96 were associated with gastrointestinal cancer, and univariate analysis showed significant differences between the gastrointestinal cancer and comparison groups in terms of mean body mass index (20.2 vs. 21.8 kg/m2), Enterobacteriaceae detection (64.6% vs. 81.3%), and anaerobic GNR detection (24.0% vs. 8.5%). Thirty-five (36%) and 61 (64%) patients had upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, respectively. There were 23 patients with anaerobic GNR bacteremia related to 24 strains, (upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, 5 and 18 cases, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified anaerobic GNR (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.6) as a significant risk factor for cancer. Conclusions Anaerobic GNR in blood cultures may be a risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer. Therefore, it is necessary consider cancer workup, such as endoscopy, for patients with anaerobic GNR bacteremia.