Abstract
Background
Tributyrin (TB), a feed additive, has been widely proved to display a benefit in stimulating the gastrointestinal tract development of livestock. For a long time, the benefit of TB is regarded as the prodrug of butyric acid. However, more and more studies recently showed that supplementing TB could enhance gastrointestinal microbiotas accompanied with the benefit. Here, we investigated the potential nutrient mechanism of TB based on in vitro ICE-6 intestinal epithelial cell culture in the absence of bacteria and in vivo experiment with involvement of rumen bacteria.
Results
In vitro experiment showed that butyric acid linearly increased both the late and early apoptotic ICE-6 intestinal epithelial cells, but similar effects were not observed in the same concentrations of TB. In vivo experiment showed that supplementing TB increased dry matter intake of lambs and daily retentions of dietary serine, cysteine and methionine. Besides, lambs fed TB had higher faecal excretions of C12:0, C13:0, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3 and C20:0 but lower C16:1n9c, C17:0 and C18:1n9c compared with that of lambs provided no TB. The correlation analysis showed that daily retentions of dietary serine, methionine and cysteine were positively correlated with the relative abundances of ruminal Fibrobacter, Butyrivibrio, Bifidobacterium and Firmicutes, respectively. In addition, the relative abundance of rumen Clostridium was positively correlated with the daily decreases of C6:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c and the daily increases of C13:0, C15:0 and C18:0, respectively. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of rumen Fibrobacter was positively correlated with the daily decreases of C6:0, C16:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0 while was negatively correlated with the daily increases of C14:0, C15:0, C16:1n9c and C18:0, respectively. Furthermore, the relative abundance of rumen Butyrivibrio was negatively correlated with the daily increases of C14:0, C16:1n9c, C17:0 while was positively correlated with the daily decreases of C16:0, respectively.
Conclusions
Our both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that supplementing TB could display the nutrient mechanism by improving the growth of rumen bacteria rather than via releasing butyric acid.