Alginate Co-probiotics Bioencapsulation Facilitates Artemia to Improve Immune Parameters, Gene Expression, Feed Digestibility and Resistance Against Vibrio spp

Abstract

Abstract Alginate is known as an immunostimulant; however, the comprehensive and simultaneous study on its co-activity with Lactobacillus bulgaricus resolves the relationship of feed digestibility, hematological parameters, and upregulation of the regulation of feed digestibility immune-related gene expression, and disease-resistant in Artemia has not been covered. This study aimed to determine the effect of alginate with Lactobacillus bulgaricus bio encapsulated Artemia in Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi challenged. Compared to the non-probiotic alginate, co-probiotic L. bulgaricus activated and improved the mortality rate of 400 ppm alginate from 100% to 30-70% at 36 hours with CMI of 276-702±0.00-101.82 and a mortality reduction of 41.21-74.59±0.05-15.90%. The co-activity of 400 ppm alginate and L. bulgaricus resulted in the higher Phenol Oxidase and Superoxide Dismutase Activity. Beta-glucan and proPO gene expression was also upregulated 233.44% and 185.17%, respectively. The gut evacuation time and fullness have also resulted in better performance than 800 ppm alginate without probiotics. Alginate and L. bulgaricus probiotics have cooperated synergically through pre and probiotic mechanisms. This Artemia bio model defines that this combination will reduce alginate as an immunostimulant and cut off the large-scale utilization in ponds.