Prescribing errors in children: What is the impact of a computerized physician order entry?

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: Prescribing errors represent a safety risk for hospitalized patients, especially in pediatrics. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) might reduce prescribing errors, although its effect has not yet been thoroughly studied on pediatric general wards. This study investigated the impact of a CPOE on prescribing errors in children on general wards at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich. Methods: We performed medication review on a total of 1000 patients before and after the implementation of a CPOE. The CPOE included limited clinical decision support (CDS) such as drug-drug interaction check and checks for duplicates. Prescribing errors, their type according to the PCNE classification, their severity (adapted NCC MERP index) as well as the interrater reliability (Cohen’s Kappa) were analyzed. Results: CPOE significantly reduced the rate of errors from 25 errors / 100 prescriptions (95% CI: 23 – 27) to 16 errors / 100 prescriptions (95% CI 14 – 18). Particularly the prescribing quality was improved by reducing PCNE error 5.2 “lacking information” (e.g. lacking drug form or maximum possible number of doses for reserve medication). Medication reconciliation problems (PCNE error 8), such as drugs prescribed on paper as well as electronically, significantly increased after introduction of the CPOE. The most common pediatric prescribing errors, the dosing errors (PCNE errors 3), were not statistically significantly altered after introduction of the CPOE. Overall severity of errors was reduced. Interrater reliability showed moderate agreement (Κ = 0.48). Conclusions: The CPOE increases patient safety by reducing the rate and severity of prescribing errors. The reason for the observed increase in medication reconciliation problems might be the hybrid-system with remaining paper-prescriptions for special medication. The lacking effect on dosing errors might be explained by the fact that a web application CDS covering dosing recommendations (PEDeDose) was already in use before implementation of the CPOE. Further investigations should focus on eliminating hybrid systems, interventions on how to increase the usability of the CPOE, and full integration of CDS tools such as automated dose check into the CPOE.