A Review of CSR and ESG Disclosures Determinant Studies: Comparability and Ambiguities

Abstract

Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) are two pertinent concepts in sustainable development and responsible investing. In recent years, companies experienced growing pressure from stakeholders to demonstrate their dedication to sustainability. Scholars have been investigating the factors driving greater transparency in sustainability efforts, leading to a surge in the literature on determinants of CSR and ESG disclosure. However, the relationship between CSR and ESG has created uncertainties in these studies. This analysis, based on 164 articles from Scopus and Web of Science, reveals that 70% of these articles were published after 2018, with 81% focusing on the quantity of disclosures. The most frequently cited theoretical frameworks include legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, and agency theory. The study identifies determinants at various levels, including country, industry, firm, and individual. Despite similarities in theoretical approaches and determinants, the literature is marked by confusion regarding the concept and proxies for CSR and ESG disclosures. The study concludes by offering suggestions for future research to address these ambiguities.