Abstract
Increased detection of short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental waters has revealed a need for selective sorbents capable of simultaneous removal of short- and long-chain PFAS. To address this need, a multi-PFAS imprinted polymer composite (mMIP) was synthesized on biochar (BC) substrates (so-called “BC@mMIP”). Use of multiple PFAS templates resulted in increased imprinting factor and PFAS removal compared to single-template MIPs. In ultrapure water containing 100 ng/L (each) of nine PFAS, the BC@mMIP removed three PFAS to below their EPA maximum contaminant level. Column testing in real wastewater effluent revealed competition between sulfate and PFAS for templated sorption sites. Thus, the BC@mMIP is recommended for use treating waters with low total dissolved solid levels, or in series with a pre-treatment process for optimal performance.