Research on 3D-Printed FGF2-PLGA/PLGA-nHA-BMP9 Biphasic Scaffolds with Sequential Delivery of FGF2 and BMP9 in Promoting Periodontal Ligament Cells’ Proliferation and Differentiation

Abstract

Abstract Traditional periodontal therapy primarily controls the progression of chronic periodontitis but falls short of fully regenerating periodontal tissues. Selecting suitable seed cells, growth factors, and ideal scaffold materials is crucial for maximizing periodontal tissue regeneration, a key factor in the success of periodontal tissue repair. This study involved constructing FGF2 chitosan nanospheres (single-shell packaging) and BMP9 chitosan nanospheres hydrogel (double-shell packaging) via an ion crosslinking method. By examining the surface morphology, particle diameter, drug loading rate, and encapsulation efficiency of these nanospheres, it was confirmed that they satisfy the criteria for nanomaterial sustained release carriers. Additionally, they effectively manage the initial "burst release" by enabling the controlled and gradual release of FGF2 and BMP9 over a specific period. The FGF2-PLGA/PLGA-nHA-BMP9 biphasic scaffold, developed using 3D printing technology in conjunction with the aforementioned nanospheres, was assessed for biomechanical properties and absorbance metrics such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus. The scaffold's cell adhesion and proliferation were evaluated using the MTT assay, while genes associated with fibroblast differentiation (SCX, Col-I) and osteogenic differentiation (Runx-2, ALP) were analyzed through qRT-PCR. The findings confirm that the 3D-printed FGF2-PLGA/PLGA-nHA-BMP9 biphasic scaffold possesses excellent biomechanical properties and biocompatibility. It effectively orchestrates the sequential release of FGF2 and BMP9 in distinct scaffold phases, synergistically enhancing periodontal tissue regeneration and maximizing the biological activity of FGF2 and BMP9.