Fungi associated with stem collar necroses of Fraxinus excelsior affected by ash dieback

Abstract

Abstract In recent decades the vitality and physical stability of European ash trees in Germany have been reduced by European ash dieback, especially when associated with stem collar necroses and rots. This study was carried out to investigate the composition of the fungal communities associated with stem collar necroses. Filamentous fungi were isolated from 58 ash trees out of nine forest stands in northern, eastern, and central Germany. Obtained isolates were identified to a genus or species level by means of morphological and molecular analyses. In total 162 morphotypes including endophytic, saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi were isolated. For 33 species found no prior reports from Fraxinus excelsior were recognised, including Cryptostroma corticale and Diplodia sapinea. None of the identified species were found at all studied sites, though Diplodia fraxini was the most common fungi with regard to frequency within all isolates, occurring at seven sample sites. This species is followed by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, Armillaria spp., Neonectria punicea, Diaporthe cf. eres, Fusarium cf. lateritium, and Paracucurbitaria sp. in order of frequency within all isolates. The aforementioned species are characterised and analysed in respect to their occurrence in stem collar necroses and at sample sites. The influence of site conditions on the fungal composition was described for five intensively sampled sites with a minimum of five studied trees (Schwansee, Rhüden, Berggießhübel, Satrup, and Schlangen). The sampling site of Schlangen was further subdivided into four subplots with different positions in the terrain. In the remaining four extensive sample sites either one or two trees, respectively, were sampled and analysed (Oranienbaumer Heide, Woltershausen, Wolfenbüttel, and Neuhege). Over all sample sites fungal communities of symptomatic stem tissue are similar concerning the most frequent fungi, but vary greatly according to singularly isolated fungi.