Salivary proteomic analysis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis

Abstract

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to compare the salivary protein profile in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and periodontitis and their respective controls. Methods: Eighty participants were included in the study. The four groups were formed by individuals with DM2 and periodontitis (DM2+P, n=20), DM2 without periodontitis (DM2, n=20), periodontitis without DM2 (P, n=20) and individuals without periodontitis and without DM2 (H, n=20). Periodontal clinical examinations were performed and unstimulated saliva was collected. Proteomic analysis was performed by shotgun mass spectrometry. The results were obtained by searching the Homo sapiens database of the UniProt catalog. Results: A total of 220 proteins were identified in saliva samples. In the comparison between DM2+P and DM2 groups, of the 163 common proteins, 27 were up-regulated (e.g. Protein S100-A8 was 6 times up-regulated). The DM2+P and P groups had 87 common proteins, 26 of which were up-regulated (e.g. Immunoglobulin lambda constant 7 more than 2 times up-regulated). The non-DM2 groups (P and H) had 115 common proteins, 22 were up-regulated (e.g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase more than 2 times up-regulated). The groups without periodontitis (DM2 and H) presented 119 common proteins, where 23 were up-regulated (e.g. Hemoglobin subunit alphathat was more than 10 times up-regulated). Conclusion: The presence of DM2 and periodontitis significantly impacted the salivary proteome of individuals. Our proteomic analysis demonstrated that changes in the S100 family proteins (S100A8 and S100 A9) are highly related to the presence of DM2 and periodontitis. Clinical Relevance: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and periodontitis are highly prevalent chronic diseases that present a wide variety of signs and symptoms. They present a bidirectional relationship, where patients with DM have a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis, and patients with periodontitis have a higher prevalence of DM, worse glycemic control, and more diabetic complications. Diagnosing periodontitis requires specific clinical examinations, which require a highly trained operator. In this study, we used high throughput proteomics in order to evaluate non-invasive biomarkers for periodontitis in type 2 DM subjects. The results can contribute to earlier, more accurate, and less costly diagnosis of periodontitis in diabetic subjects, enabling better diabetes control.