Copper-tin nanocomposites-loaded exosomes persuaded skin carcinoma cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle

Abstract

Abstract Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent ailments in men that may be provoked by sun exposure. The chemotherapeutic potential of copper (Cu)- and tin (Sn)-based substances against a range of cancers has been studied. Based on the differences in how normal and tumour cells responded, they were utilized as targeted anticancer drugs. In the current study, nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapy by introducing Cu and Sn nanocomposites to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy in terms of effectiveness and adverse effects due to uneven distribution and cytotoxicity. CuS/SnS nanocomposites (S1, S2, S3) were synthesized and characterized, then encapsulated into exosomes (Exo) isolated from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and characterized once again. S1-Exo, S2-Exo, and S3-Exo were investigated biologically using cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle assays. The The X-ray diffractions analysis of CuS/SnS nanonanocomposites were indexed to hexagonal CuS structure and orthorhombic α-SnS phase. The TEM images of S1 and S3 nanocomposites showed the presence of nanorods particles with average length of 80 nm and diameter of 16 nm. S1-Exo showed superior cytotoxic effect against A431 skin cancerous cells than the free nano-form S1. It was intriguingly that S1-Exo recorded 1.109 times more than DOX in its anticancer activity. Flow cytometry showed that S1-Exo recorded 40.2% early apoptosis and 22.1% late apoptosis. In conclusion, the CuS/SnS nanocomposites loaded into exosomes could be of great potential as anti-skin cancer candidate through induction of cell death-mediated apoptosis