Comparison and benchmark of gut viral genomes detected from short- and long-read metagenomes

Abstract

Abstract Background Metagenome-assembled viral genomes have significantly advanced the discovery and characterization of the human gut virome. However, we lack a comparative assessment of assembly tools on the efficacy of viral genome identification, particularly across Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Third Generation Sequencing (TGS) data. Results We evaluated the efficiency of NGS, TGS and hybrid assemblers for viral genome discovery using 95 viral-like particle (VLP) enriched fecal samples sequenced on both Illumina and PacBio platforms. MEGAHIT, metaFlye and hybridSPAdes emerged as the optimal choices for NGS, TGS and hybrid datasets, respectively. Notably, these assemblers produced distinctive viral genomes, demonstrating a remarkable degree of complementarity. By combining individual assembler results, we expanded the total number of non-redundant high-quality viral genomes by 4.43 ~ 11.8 fold compared to individual assemblers. Among them, viral genomes from NGS and TGS data have the least overlap, indicating the impact of data type on viral genome recovery. We also evaluated two binning methods, finding that CONCOCT incorporated more unrelated contigs into the same bins, while MetaBAT2 balanced inclusiveness and taxonomic consistency within bins. Conclusions Our findings highlight the challenges in metagenome-driven viral discovery, underscoring tool limitations. We recommend the simultaneous use multiple assemblers, and both short- and long-read sequencing if resources permit, and advocate the pressing need for specialized tools tailored to gut virome assembly. This study contributes essential insights for advancing viral genome research in the context of gut metagenomics.