Impact of Relative Humidity on the Formation of Low-Frictional Interface and its Continuity in Tribological Systems with Hydrogenated Carbon Nitride Coatings

Abstract

The impact of relative humidity on the formation of low-frictional interface in hydrogenated carbon nitride (CN_x:H) coatings sliding against Si₃N₄ balls and the formation continuity was elucidated through friction tests conducted in both air and nitrogen atmospheres with controlled relative humidity levels. In air atmosphere, a carbonaceous tribolayer with a transformed structure from the initial CN_x:H was formed on Si₃N₄ at less than 3.0% RH, resulting in low friction (µ < 0.05) and a low specific wear rate of the balls (< 2×10^− 9 mm³/Nžm). In contrast, this tribolayer failed to form at > 3.0% RH. In nitrogen atmosphere, within the 0.25–1.0% RH range, the tribolayer continued to form concurrently with wear progression, maintaining low friction for over 50,000 cycles. However, in less than this humidity range, the lifetime of low friction decreased owing to the tribolayer’s structural transformation. Thus, relative humidity influences not only the formation of the low-frictional interface but also the formation continuity. On the CN_x:H friction surface, hydrogen, hydroxyl, and oxygen groups from environmental water and oxygen molecules continued to chemisorb owing to tribochemical reactions on the uppermost few nanometers during continuous low friction in a nitrogen atmosphere, while hydrogen content of CN_x:H desorbed. This study experimentally confirmed the critical role of controlling relative humidity in tribological systems using CN_x:H coatings to achieve low friction and improve its durability of low friction through the continuous formation of the low-frictional interface.