The Acute Effect of Two Physical Exercise Programs on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren

Abstract

Abstract Aim: To verify the acute effect of two physical exercise programs on cognitive performance (inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility) in schoolchildren. Methods:This is a randomized controlled clinical study with three groups: Experimental Group 1 (EG1) received problem-solving, balance, and movement coordination exercises; Experimental Group 2 (EG2) received exercises involving playful and recreational activities; and Control Group (CG) did not receive any type of intervention. Both interventions were applied at moderate intensity. The study included 94 schoolchildren of nine and 10 years old (48 boys) from public schools. To evaluate cognitive performance, two tests were used: The Trail Test to assess cognitive flexibility and the computerized Stroop Test (Testinpacs) to determine inhibitory control. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to construct models with Trail or Stroop tests as dependent variables. Results: in the Trail Test (cognitive flexibility), there was a statistically significant interaction effect in EG1 regarding both execution time (p < 0.01) and the number of errors (p < 0.01), while in EG2, it was only on the number of errors (p < 0.01). Concerning the Stroop test (inhibitory control), both EG1 and EG2 showed a significant reduction in the number of errors (p < 0.01), indicating an acute effect after the intervention in both groups. Conclusion: the exercise programs in EG1 and EG2 positively affected cognitive performance, including inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in schoolchildren. Moreover, considering all the variables of cognitive performance tests, EG1 was a promising alternative to be developed in schools, positively impacting cognitive performance and, consequently, learning.