Comparison of endoscopic sinus sampling versus intracranial sampling for microbiological diagnosis of intracranial infection in children: A case series and literature review

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Intracranial infection is often associated with contiguous sinus infection, with Streptococcus intermedius being the most common pathogen. Microbiological assessment is possible via sinus or intracranial sampling. Whilst a sinus approach is minimally invasive it is not clear whether this yields definitive microbiological diagnosis leading to optimised antimicrobial therapy and avoidance of intracranial surgery. Methods Retrospective review of a prospectively collected electronic departmental database identified patients between 2019–2022. Further demographic and microbiological information obtained from electronic patient records and laboratory management systems. Results Thirty-one patients were identified with intracranial subdural and/or epidural empyema and concurrent sinus involvement during the 3-year study period. Median age of onset was 10 years with a slight male predominance (55%). All patients had intracranial sampling with 15 patients undergoing sinus sampling in addition. Only 1 patient (7%) demonstrated identical organism(s) grown from both samples. Streptococcus intermedius was the most common pathogen in intracranial samples. Thirteen patients (42%) had mixed organisms from their intracranial cultures and 57% of samples undergoing bacterial PCR identified additional organisms, predominantly anaerobes. Sinus samples had a significant addition of nasal flora and Staphylococcus aureus which was rarely grown from intracranial samples. Of concern, 7/14 (50%) of sinus samples did not identify the main intracranial pathogen diagnosed on intracranial culture and additional PCR. Literature review identified 21 studies where sinus drainage was used to treat intracranial empyemas, with only 6 authors reporting concurrent microbiology results. This confirmed our cohort to be the largest comparative study in the current literature. No centre has observed a greater than 50% concordance in microbiological diagnoses. Conclusion Endoscopic sinus surgery may have therapeutic benefit, but it is not an appropriate approach for microbiological diagnosis in paediatric subdural empyemas. High rates of contaminating nasal flora can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Routine addition of 16S rRNA PCR to intracranial samples is recommended.