A case control study to assess and compare cognitive functions among chess players and non- chess players aged 11 to 16 years in Western India

Abstract

Abstract Background: Chess has long been used to evaluate fundamental cognitive functions including memory and problem solving, where the executive function is crucial. Studies show that chess enables young players to gain advantages in a variety of cognitive domains and it has been demonstrated that chess players have better spatial reasoning, long-term planning, decision-making, memory, cognitive development, academic performance, mental development, scholastic achievement, and strategic, creative, and critical thinking. The purpose of this study is to compare and assess cognitive functions among chess players and non-chess players aged 11 to 16 years in Western India. Methods: The study was conducted in total 120 participants- 60 chess players (case) and 60 non-chess players (control) aged 11-16 years with normal BMI and no cognitive impairment (MMSE test>24). Participants were assessed for cognitive functions using several tests- Executive function and selective attention (Stroop and Eriksen-Flanker test), Working memory (N-back test), Reaction time (Deary-Liewald task) and Intelligence (Bhatia Battery Tests of Intelligence). Results: Significant p values were found for Stroop congruent time (p<0.001), Stroop incongruent time (p<0.001), Eriksen-Flanker congruent time (p<0.001), Eriksen-Flanker incongruent time (p<0.001), N-back (working memory) correct response (p<0.001), Deary-Liewald Simple reaction time (p<0.001), Deary-Liewald Choice reaction time (p<0.001), Bhatia’s Battery Tests of Intelligence Quotient (p<0.001). Conclusion: In contrast to non-chess players, the chess players demonstrated better and enhanced cognitive functions- selective attention, executive function, working memory, single reaction time, choice reaction time and intelligence quotient.