Analysis of Electrode Locations on Limb Condition Effect for Myoelectric Pattern Recognition

Abstract

Background Gesture recognition using surface electromyography (sEMG) has garnered significant attention due to its potential for intuitive and natural control in wearable human-machine interfaces. However, ensuring robustness remains essential and is currently the primary challenge for practical applications. Methods This study investigates the impact of limb conditions and analyzes the influence of electrode placement. Both static and dynamic limb conditions were examined using electrodes positioned on the wrist, elbow, and the midpoint between them. Initially, we compared classification performance across various training conditions at these three electrode locations. Subsequently, a feature space analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of limb conditions. Finally, strategies for group training and feature selection were explored to mitigate these effects. Results The results indicate that with the state-of-the-art method, classification performance at the wrist was comparable to that at the middle position, both of which outperformed the elbow, consistent with the findings from the feature space analysis. In inter-condition classification, training under dynamic limb conditions yielded better results than training under static conditions, especially at the positions covered by dynamic training. Additionally, fast and slow movement speeds produced similar performance outcomes. To mitigate the effects of limb conditions, adding more training conditions reduced classification errors; however, this reduction plateaued after four conditions, resulting in classification errors of 22.72%, 22.65%, and 26.58% for the wrist, middle, and elbow, respectively. Feature selection further improved classification performance, reducing errors to 19.98%, 19.75%, and 27.14% at the respective electrode locations, using three optimal features derived from single-condition training. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the impact of limb conditions was mitigated when electrodes were placed near the wrist. Dynamic limb condition training, combined with feature optimization, proved to be an effective strategy for reducing this effect. This work contributes to enhancing the robustness of myoelectric-controlled interfaces, thereby advancing the development of wearable intelligent devices.