The social problems of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, a systematic review

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: While the COVID-19 pandemic devastated the healthcare system, its consequences worsened for senior citizens. They have been at higher risk of being physically affected and faced more social and mental problems in the COVID-19 era. During the pandemic, they, more than other age groups, reported a feeling of loneliness, symptoms of depression, and anxiety, and, more than ever, faced ageism, discrimination, and elder abuse. Although many people can overcome social isolation in the light of social media and the internet, elderly individuals are not digitally literate and welcoming to technology like younger generations. Recognizing the unique needs of older adults is required to include them in health policies. Method In this systematic review, we collected all studies originally in English and with relative information regarding the social problems of older people during the pandemic in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science (n = 25). Results The findings were classified into three main components: 1) body function and body structure, 2) activities and participation, and 3) environmental factors. Discussion Higher levels of depression, generalized anxiety disorders, social isolation, and loneliness were reported in older adults during COVID-19 by several studies. Preexisting mental health conditions can potentially worsen a patient’s vulnerability to the negative consequences of COVID-19. Stress-induced neuroinflammation can lead to neuronal atrophy, decreased synaptic density, and neurogenesis. Living with at least one other person reduces the impacts of isolation and could provide cognitive stimulation through complex communication and shared experiences. Long periods of inactivity increase the likelihood of developing or exacerbating chronic diseases. Peer groups’ support and having pets can mitigate social isolation. Technology for senior citizens cannot be as helpful as for younger generations. Conclusion Social isolation has proved to be more paralyzing for older adults since they do not have equal access to the internet and are not equally welcoming to social media and the internet as younger generations. This negative impact is worse for those with chronic conditions, especially cognitive impairments.