Resurgence of Clinical Malaria in Ethiopia in the Era of Anopheles stephensi Invasion

Author:

Zhou Guofa1ORCID,Taffese Hiwot S.2,Zhong Daibin1,Wang Xiaoming1,Lee Ming-Chieh1,Degefa Teshome3,Getachew Dejene4,Haileselassie Werissaw5,Hawaria Dawit6,Yewhalaw Delenasaw3,Yan Guiyun1

Affiliation:

1. University of California Irvine

2. Ethiopia Ministry of Health

3. Jimma University

4. Adama Science and Technology University

5. Addis Ababa University

6. Hawassa University

Abstract

Abstract

Background. The invasion of Anopheles stephensi into Africa poses a potential threat to malaria control and elimination on the continent. However, it is not clear if the recent malaria resurgence in Ethiopia has linked to the expansion of An. stephensi. We aimed to summarize the major achievements and lesson learnt in malaria control in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2022, to assess the new challenges and prospects for the control of An. stephensi. Methods and findings. We obtained the clinical malaria case reports, antimalarial drug treatment records, insecticide-treated and long-lasting insecticidal net (ITN/LLIN) distribution and utilization records, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage data from the Ethiopian Ministry of Health (MoH) for the period 2001–2022. We analyzed clinical malaria hotspots using spatially optimized hotspot analysis. We investigated malaria outbreaks in 2022 and examined the potential role of An. stephensi in the outbreaks. Clinical malaria cases in Ethiopia decreased by 80%, from 5.2 million cases (11% confirmed) in 2004 to 1.0 million cases (92% confirmed) in 2018; however, cases increased steadily to 2.6 million confirmed cases (98% confirmed) in 2022. Plasmodium vivax cases and proportion have increased significantly in the past 5 years. Clinical malaria hotspots are concentrated along the western Ethiopian border areas and have grown significantly from 2017 to 2022. Major malaria outbreaks in 2022/23 were detected in multiple sites across Ethiopia, and An. stephensi was the predominant vector in some of these sites, however, it was absence from many of the outbreak sites. Conclusions. The malaria burden has been significantly reduced in Ethiopia in the past two decades, but in recent years it has increased substantially, and the cause of such increase is a subject of further investigation. Major gaps exist in An. stephensi research, including vector ecology, surveillance, and control tools, especially for adult mosquito control.

Publisher

Research Square Platform LLC

Reference43 articles.

1. World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2023. 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 5]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240086173.

2. Malaria epidemiology and interventions in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016;Taffese HS;Infect Dis Poverty,2018

3. Ministry of Health E. National Malaria Elimination Program. Addia Ababa: Minstry of Helth, Ethiopia; 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 5]. http://dataverse.nipn.ephi.gov.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/1526/Ethiopia-Malaria-Elimination-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025-Agust-31.pdf?sequence=1.

4. Balkew M, Mumba P, Dengela D, Yohannes G, Getachew D, Yared S et al. Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3904-y. PMID: 31959237.

5. The PMI VectorLink. Ethiopia Project Final Entomology Report May 2019-March 2020. Rockville, MD: Abt Associates; 2020. [cited 2023 Jul 10]. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZC3Z.pdf.

同舟云学术

1.学者识别学者识别

2.学术分析学术分析

3.人才评估人才评估

"同舟云学术"是以全球学者为主线,采集、加工和组织学术论文而形成的新型学术文献查询和分析系统,可以对全球学者进行文献检索和人才价值评估。用户可以通过关注某些学科领域的顶尖人物而持续追踪该领域的学科进展和研究前沿。经过近期的数据扩容,当前同舟云学术共收录了国内外主流学术期刊6万余种,收集的期刊论文及会议论文总量共计约1.5亿篇,并以每天添加12000余篇中外论文的速度递增。我们也可以为用户提供个性化、定制化的学者数据。欢迎来电咨询!咨询电话:010-8811{复制后删除}0370

www.globalauthorid.com

TOP

Copyright © 2019-2024 北京同舟云网络信息技术有限公司
京公网安备11010802033243号  京ICP备18003416号-3