The Influence of Endogenous and Exogenous Sex Steroid Hormones and Social Hierarchy on Decision- Making: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: Decision-making is a complex process that factors like hormone concentration and social hierarchy can influence. The study underlines the complex interplay between hormones and social hierarchies in decision-making and the important need to consider both to understand the variety of the decision-making process. Method: The present systematic review summarizes and compares included studies that investigate the effect of sex steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone) on decision-making (risky, uncertain, and social decision-making), and social hierarchy, as well as the effect of hormones and social hierarchy on decision-making. Result: The substantial evidence suggests testosterone's influence on decision-making shows gender-related variations. Endogenous testosterone isn't associated with uncertain choices, but Endogenous and exogenous testosterone correlates with riskier decisions, particularly among males. However, a non-negligible proportion of behavioral experiments revealed an inverse or non-significant association. Also, individuals with higher testosterone levels rejected unfair offers. Also, findings showed that testosterone levels, both before and after administration, were linked to social status, and elevated testosterone correlated with improved performance and greater motivation for status competition, especially in males with lower, unstable status. Conclusion: This review demonstrates the main conclusions, containing findings, hypotheses, and future research recommendations.