Nutritional Intake, Environmental Factors, and Their Impact on Myopia Prevalence in Korean Children Aged 5 to 12 Years

Abstract

Abstract Myopia is a complex condition influenced by numerous factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Although evidence indicates that certain dietary factors may influence the development of myopia, this relationship is still not completely understood and is a topic of ongoing research. This study analyzed the relationship between dietary habits, environmental factors, and the prevalence of myopia in a sample of 24,345 Korean children aged 5–12 years. The risk of myopia increased with age, especially notable between ages 11 and 12, and was higher in children with both parents having myopia. Dietary factors played a crucial role; children with myopia had significantly lower intake of fat, omega-3 fatty acids, and retinol but higher intake of other nutrients compared to emmetropic and hyperopic counterparts. High consumption of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, iron, potassium, and sodium was associated with increased myopia risk. High sodium intake was particularly associated with a 2.05-fold increased myopia risk. These findings underscore the complex interplay between diet, environment, and genetic factors in the development of myopia, suggesting the need for holistic approaches in managing children's health and vision.