Positive correlational shift between crevicular antimicrobial peptide LL-37, pain and periodontal status following non-surgical periodontal therapy

Abstract

Abstract Background. Periodontal disease represents a public health concern due to its high prevalence and uncertain recurrence after conventional treatment. Therapy outcome may be variable and given its multifactorial etiology, the precise mechanisms behind periodontitis are yet to be unveiled. In this regard, the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile has been well characterized but little is known about the anti-inflammatory cytokine and antimicrobial peptide overview prior to and after non-surgical treatment. Methods. Sixty individuals were recruited from our University Clinic and allocated in two even groups of healthy and periodontitis subjects. A full periodontal examination was performed, and gingival crevicular fluid samples obtained at baseline and again, 4-6 weeks following scale and root planing (SRP) for the periodontitis group. Then, analyzed by ELISA kits to quantify LL-37 and interleukins 4, 6 and 10. Sex influence and the association of age and oral hygiene habits to periodontitis and treatment outcome including gingival clinical parameters and self-perceived pain were also analyzed. Results. Higher crevicular volume and protein concentration corresponded to patients with more severe periodontitis and decreased following SRP. A positive correlational shift was also observed for LL-37 (and IL-6), self-perceived pain, and periodontal status. IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased in periodontal disease to healthy state but barely affected by conventional therapy. Levels of all mediators were irrespective of sex but ageing and tooth brushing frequency were confirmed as potential risk factors. Conclusions. Crevicular LL-37 could stand as a reliable biomarker of both periodontal disease and the associated pain to dental probing. Also, for the prognosis following SRP therapy. Trial registration. The study was registered in clinical trials.gov, with number NCT04404335, dated 27/05/2020.