Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Antiproliferative Effects of α-Mangostin Extracted from the Pericarp of the Mangosteen Fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) on Rat C6 Glioma Cells

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of α-mangostin, a xanthone present in the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), on C6 glioma cells, an in vitro model for glioblastoma. Methods: The study was conducted using an in vitro model with C6 glioma cells. The antioxidant activity of α-mangostin was measured using the IC₅₀ value for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay. DNA fragmentation analysis was performed to determine DNA damage in C6 cells. Additionally, changes in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in C6 cells upon exposure to α-mangostin were evaluated using mitochondrial fluorescence staining and membrane potential measurement. Results: The results showed that the antioxidant activity of α-mangostin increased in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value for DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 67.55 ± 0.91 μg/mL. The proliferation of C6 cells decreased as the concentration of α-mangostin increased, demonstrating cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ value of 6.57 ± 0.199 μg/mL. α-mangostin also induced DNA damage in C6 cells, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation analysis. Furthermore, α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp altered mitochondrial function and morphology in C6 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion:α-mangostin extracted from mangosteen pericarp exhibited significant effects on C6 glioma cells. This study underscores the promising preclinical potential of α-mangostin as a multitarget therapeutic agent in the treatment of glioma.