1. Rubin, Donald B.. Multiple imputation. Num Pages: 34. 2018, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Flexible {Imputation} of {Missing} {Data}, {Second} {Edition}, The English verb “to impute ” comes from the Latin imputo, which means to reckon, attribute, make account of, charge, ascribe. In the Bible, the word “impute ” is a translation of the Hebrew verb h āshab, which appears about 120 times in the Old Testament in various meanings (Renn, 2005). The noun “imputation ” has a long history in taxation. The concept “imputed income ” was used in the 19th century to denote income derived from property, such as land and housing. In the statistical literature, imputation means “filling in the data. ” Imputation in this sense is first mentioned in 1957 in the work of the U.S. Census Bureau (US Bureau of the Census, 1957)., 978-0-429-49225-9, 2
2. Cristofori, Irene and Cohen-Zimerman, Shira and Grafman, Jordan. D'Esposito, Mark and Grafman, Jordan H.. Chapter 11 - {Executive} functions. ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\remyc\\Zotero\\storage\\HZC2AFE5\\B9780128042816000112.html:text/html, 197--219, development, Executive functions (EFs), genetics, lesion mapping studies, neuroimaging, neuropsychological assessment, training and remediation, 10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00011-2, 2019, January, Elsevier, Handbook of {Clinical} {Neurology}, 2023-09-03, Executive functions (EFs) include high-order cognitive abilities such as working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning, and problem solving. EFs enable humans to achieve goals, adapt to novel everyday life situations, and manage social interactions. Traditionally EFs have been associated with frontal lobe functioning. More recent evidence shows that posterior and subcortical regions also play a crucial role in EF processing, especially in the integration of sensory information and emotion. This chapter reviews the variety of EFs and their neural underpinning, based on lesion mapping and neuroimaging studies, as well as the evidence for rehabilitation interventions, neuropsychological assessment based on standard and ecologically valid tests, development, and genetic predisposition for recovery of executive functions after brain injury. Taken together, the EFs are critical for unique human abilities and more careful analyses of their subcomponents may help the development of targeted translational interventions to improve them., https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128042816000112, 163, The {Frontal} {Lobes}
3. Rabinovici, Gil D. and Stephens, Melanie L. and Possin, Katherine L. (2015) Executive dysfunction. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 21(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry): 646--659 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000466658.05156.54, Texte int égral:C\:\\Users\\remyc\\Zotero\\storage\\ZDSL8CDB\\Rabinovici et al. - 2015 - Executive dysfunction.pdf:application/pdf, Adult, Aged, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Executive Function, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, PMC4455841, 26039846, June, eng, PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Executive functions represent a constellation of cognitive abilities that drive goal-oriented behavior and are critical to the ability to adapt to an ever-changing world. This article provides a clinically oriented approach to classifying, localizing, diagnosing, and treating disorders of executive function, which are pervasive in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Executive functions can be split into four distinct components: working memory, inhibition, set shifting, and fluency. These components may be differentially affected in individual patients and act together to guide higher-order cognitive constructs such as planning and organization. Specific bedside and neuropsychological tests can be applied to evaluate components of executive function. While dysexecutive syndromes were first described in patients with frontal lesions, intact executive functioning relies on distributed neural networks that include not only the prefrontal cortex, but also the parietal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. Executive dysfunction arises from injury to any of these regions, their white matter connections, or neurotransmitter systems. Dysexecutive symptoms therefore occur in most neurodegenerative diseases and in many other neurologic, psychiatric, and systemic illnesses. Management approaches are patient specific and should focus on treatment of the underlying cause in parallel with maximizing patient function and safety via occupational therapy and rehabilitation. SUMMARY: Executive dysfunction is extremely common in patients with neurologic disorders. Diagnosis and treatment hinge on familiarity with the clinical components and neuroanatomic correlates of these complex, high-order cognitive processes., 1538-6899
4. Tsai, Ying-Chieh and Liu, Chin-Jung and Huang, Hui-Chuan and Lin, Jiann-Her and Chen, Pin-Yuan and Su, Yu-Kai and Chen, Chun-Ting and Chiu, Hsiao-Yean (2021) A {Meta}-analysis of {Dynamic} {Prevalence} of {Cognitive} {Deficits} in the {Acute}, {Subacute}, and {Chronic} {Phases} {After} {Traumatic} {Brain} {Injury}. J Neurosci Nurs 53(2): 63--68 https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000570, Adult, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, 33538456, April, eng, BACKGROUND: Reports regarding prevalence of post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) cognitive deficits were inconsistent. We aimed to synthesize the prevalence of cognitive deficits after TBI in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I databases were searched from the inception to April 27, 2020. Studies with prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional designs reporting the prevalence of cognitive deficits after TBI in adults were included. RESULTS: A total of 15 articles were included for prevalence estimation. The pooled prevalence of memory and attention deficits after mild TBI was 31% and 20% in the acute phase and 26% and 18% in the subacute phase, respectively, and 49% and 54% in the subacute phase and 21% and 50% in the chronic phase after moderate-to-severe TBI. The overall prevalence of information processing speed deficits after mild TBI in the acute and subacute phases was 21% and 17%, respectively, and 57% in the chronic phase after moderate-to-severe TBI. The overall prevalence of executive dysfunction in the subacute and chronic phases was 48% and 38%, respectively, after moderate-to-severe TBI. CONCLUSION: Cognitive deficits are prevalent in the acute to chronic phases after TBI. Healthcare providers should design effective intervention targeting cognitive impairment after TBI as early as possible., 1945-2810
5. Chan, Raymond C. K. and Shum, David and Toulopoulou, Timothea and Chen, Eric Y. H. (2008) Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23(2): 201--216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010, Texte int égral:C\:\\Users\\remyc\\Zotero\\storage\\6UWZY48N\\Chan et al. - 2008 - Assessment of executive functions review of instr.pdf:application/pdf, Humans, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neurocognitive Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, 18096360, March, eng, "Executive functions" is an umbrella term for functions such as planning, working memory, inhibition, mental flexibility, as well as the initiation and monitoring of action. The impairment of executive functions in various clinical groups is a topic of much debate, as are recent attempts to formulate the corresponding intervention and rehabilitation regimes of these dysfunctions. This article reviewed current theories of executive functions and their associated assessment instruments. In addition, it identified issues that are imperative for more accurate, sensitive, and specific assessment of various components of this construct. It is concluded that more research is needed to fractionate the executive system by assessing a wide range of functions and to verify their neuroanatomical correlates. Recently developed measurement models and technology may also facilitate a more ecologically and ethologically valid assessment for the specific needs of different individuals., Assessment of executive functions, 0887-6177