Apps for ADHD Management: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Abstract Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed using DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria. Medications are the primary treatment, leading to the emergence of mobile apps as alternative solutions to support people with ADHD. Purpose This review uses the Arksey and O'Malley scoping framework to assess mobile apps for ADHD. It examines their characteristics, target users, treatment modalities, treatment techniques, gamification elements, and medical support. Methods We searched for relevant records published within the 2013–2023 period in eight digital libraries and explored two virtual app stores (Google Play Store and Apple’s App Store). We found 1,562 potentially relevant apps, 63 of which were analyzed in the review. The apps were categorized as either commercial or non-commercial and further divided into video game and non-video game apps. The study revolved around six research questions. Results The majority (27%) of ADHD apps promote cognitive treatment, while 16% clinical diagnosis aid. The prioritized treatment techniques are cognitive (15.5%) and executive functions (10.85%) techniques. Only two of the 35 commercial apps are medically endorsed. Levels and statistics are the most popular gamification elements. Conclusions The study demonstrates the wide availability of mental health apps catering to individuals diagnosed with ADHD as well as parents and caregivers. Furthermore, it highlights various areas for future research and development, aiming to facilitate the integration of digital health interventions, particularly mobile apps, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.