Lethal and sublethal heat-exposure of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) causes alarm pheromone emission and elicits a movement response in nearby recipients

Author:

Ashbrook Aaron1,Feder Jeffrey2,Bennett Gary3,Ginzel Matthew3,Gondhalekar Ameya3

Affiliation:

1. Louisiana State University

2. University of Notre Dame

3. Purdue University West Lafayette

Abstract

AbstractMany gregarious insect species use aggregation and alarm pheromones. The bed bug,Cimex lectulariusL., emits an alarm pheromone (AP), a 70/30 blend of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal, when threatened. Bed bugs avoid heated areas above 43 °C, which are lethal to bugs and used commercially as spatial heat treatments to manage infestations. However, the interaction of bed bug AP in heat avoidance has not been investigated. The goal of this research was to: 1) determine if bed bugs emit AP as an alarm response to heat exposure, and 2) quantify the behavioral responses of conspecifics to AP emitted by heat-exposed bed bugs. Using a selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer, we found that bed bugs responded to lethal and sublethal heat exposure by emitting AP. The Harlan laboratory population emitted more pheromone than a laboratory adapted field population from McCall, FL. Harlan females emitted the most AP, followed by Harlan males, McCall females and males. In separate behavioral experiments, we showed that conspecifics (i.e., recipients) reacted to AP released by heat exposed bed bugs (i.e., emitters) by frantically moving within 50 mm and 100 mm test arenas. The Harlan recipients reacted to AP in 100 mm areas, whereas the McCall strain did not, indicating a short area of effectiveness of the AP. Synthetic AP components tested in behavioral experiments caused identical effects as the natural AP blend released by heat-exposed bed bugs.

Publisher

Research Square Platform LLC

Reference58 articles.

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2. Howse, P. E. Pheromones and Behavior in Insect Pheromones and their use in Pest Management 1–32 (Springer-Science, 1998).

3. Behavioral responses to insect pheromones;Shorey HH;Annu. Rev. Entomol,1973

4. Pheromones (ectohormones) in insects;Karlson P;Annu. Rev. Entomol,1959

5. Pheromones for monitoring and control of stored product insects;Burkholder WE;Annu. Rev. Entomol,1985

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