1. McGregor, John L. and Dix, Martin R. An {Updated} {Description} of the {Conformal}-{Cubic} {Atmospheric} {Model}. In: Hamilton, Kevin and Ohfuchi, Wataru (Eds.) High resolution numerical modelling of the atmosphere and ocean, 51--75, Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, Spectral Element Method, Total Variation Diminish, Versus Versus Versus Versus Versus, Vertical Advection, 10.1007/978-0-387-49791-4_4, 2008, Springer New York, An updated description is presented for the quasi-uniform Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model. The model achieves high efficiency as a result of using semi-Lagrangian, semi-implicit time differencing. A reversible staggering treatment for the wind components provides very good dispersion characteristics. An MPI methodology is employed that allows the model to run efficiently on multiple processors. The physical parameterizations for the model are briefly described, and results are shown for the Held-Suarez test, the Aqua-Planet Experiment and an AMIP simulation having 125 km resolution. Antarctic snow accumulation is also shown from a shorter simulation having 50 km resolution.
2. Lorenz, Ruth and Stalhandske, Z élie and Fischer, Erich M. (2019) Detection of a {Climate} {Change} {Signal} in {Extreme} {Heat}, {Heat} {Stress}, and {Cold} in {Europe} {From} {Observations}. Geophysical Research Letters 46(14): 8363--8374 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082062, Europe, heat stress, observations, temperature extremes, trends, \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019GL082062, 2023-08-11, en, In the last two decades Europe experienced a series of high-impact heat extremes. We here assess observed trends in temperature extremes at ECA&D stations in Europe. We demonstrate that on average across Europe the number of days with extreme heat and heat stress has more than tripled and hot extremes have warmed by 2.3 °C from 1950 –2018. Over Central Europe, the warming exceeds the corresponding summer mean warming by 50%. Days with extreme cold temperatures have decreased by a factor of 2 –3 and warmed by more than 3 °C, regionally substantially more than winter mean temperatures. Cold and hot extremes have warmed at about 94% of stations, a climate change signal that cannot be explained by internal variability. The clearest climate change signal can be detected in maximum heat stress. EURO-CORDEX RCMs broadly capture observed trends but the majority underestimates the warming of hot extremes and overestimates the warming of cold extremes., https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL082062, 1944-8007, ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
3. Yang, Joyce and Zhao, Lei and Oleson, Keith (2023) Large humidity effects on urban heat exposure and cooling challenges under climate change. Environmental Research Letters 18(4): 044024 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acc475, April, 2023-07-11, en, Abstract Many urban climates are characterized by increased temperature and decreased relative humidity, under climate change and compared to surrounding rural landscapes. The two trends have contrasting effects on human-perceived heat stress. However, their combined impact on urban humid heat and adaptation has remained largely unclear. Here, we use simulations from an earth system model to investigate how urbanization coupled with climate change affects urban humid heat stress, exposure, and adaptation. Our results show that urban humid heat will increase substantially across the globe by 3.1 °C by the end of the century under a high emission scenario. This projected trend is largely attributed to climate change-driven increases in specific humidity (1.8 °C), followed by air temperature (1.4 °C) —with urbanization impacts varying by location and of a smaller magnitude. Urban humid heat stress is projected to be concentrated in coastal, equatorial areas. At least 44% of the projected urban population in 2100, the equivalent of over 3 billion people worldwide, is projected to be living in an urban area with high humid heat stress. We show a critical, climate-driven dilemma between cooling efficacy and water limitation of urban greenery-based heat adaptation. Insights from our study emphasize the importance of using urban-explicit humid heat measures for more accurate assessments of urban heat exposure and invite careful evaluation of the feasibility of green infrastructure as a long-term cooling strategy., https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/acc475, 1748-9326
4. Raymond, Colin and Matthews, Tom and Horton, Radley M (2020) The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance. Science Advances 6(19): eaaw1838 2375-2548
5. Gasparrini, Antonio and Guo, Yuming and Sera, Francesco and Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria and Huber, Veronika and Tong, Shilu and Coelho, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio and Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento and Lavigne, Eric and Correa, Patricia Matus (2017) Projections of temperature-related excess mortality under climate change scenarios. The Lancet Planetary Health 1(9): e360--e367 2542-5196