Consumption trends, trading patterns and economic development in Italy across centuries - data analysis of Roman amphorae in a long-term perspective

Abstract

This paper presents novel insights into the long-term chronological patterns related to the distribution and consumption of amphora-borne foodstuffs in Italy. The study specifically focuses on the consumption of wine, olive oil, and fish sauces, both produced locally and imported from the provinces. Notably, it contributes significantly to our understanding of the Roman economy by revealing significant changes in the patterns of consumption and distribution of these foodstuffs over time on a scale that was previously unknown. One of the key findings of our analysis is the demonstration that the consumption patterns observed in different areas of Italy were similar, suggesting an equal pace of development in both urban and rural settlements across the Apennine peninsula. Importantly, quantitative evidence shows that the consumption pattern observed in the capital city of Rome is less exceptional than previously believed, challenging existing perceptions about the city's uniqueness. The study draws upon a substantial dataset comprising 28,851 diagnostic amphora fragments excavated and documented from 28 different urban and rural settlements in the North Adriatic and central Italy, spanning the period from the 4th c. BCE to the 7th c. CE. The analytical approach employs a probabilistic aoristic method, evenly distributing amphora frequencies across relevant date ranges.