An algorithm for generating uplink complex nonorthogonal multiple access spreading codes to reduce execution time

Abstract

Abstract Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-assisted 5G wireless communication networks in uplink and downlink transmissions can provide the high demands of low latency, high data rate, massive connectivity, and high access speed without compromising security. Algorithms to produce minimal coherence (cross-correlation) codebooks are desired in various applications. The authors built an algorithm capable of generating complex NOMA spreading codes based on the equiangular tight frame (ETF) method. Execution time is one of the computer science terms that refer to the various stages of running software programs and determining the performance of programs. The created algorithm was reasonably fast to find a sufficient number of NOMA spreading codes that have the minimum cross-correlation. It modified the initial value with the algorithm to reduce execution time and generate complex value-spreading codes. This algorithm achieved the optimal cross-correlation for multiple access and implemented the lowest running time compared to the "best complex antipodal spherical code" (BCASC) method, the "approximate nearest neighbors’ best complex antipodal spherical code" (ANN BCASC) method, the "Dhillon et al" method, the "Medra et al" method, the "coherence-based Grassmannian codebook" (CBGC) method, the “Grassmannian package” method, the “original best complex antipodal spherical code" (ORIG-BCASC) method, and the "Grassmannian package" method. The algorithm achieved optimal coherence (maximum cross-correlation) for matrix dimension (m, n), where m, n denotes the size of the collection set of vectors in the Frame. The optimal coherence (maximum cross-correlation) is 0.4472 for (3, 6), 0.4714 for (3, 7), 0.3536 for (4, 7), 0.3780 for (4, 8), 0.4472 for (4, 16), 0.3333 for (5, 10), 0.3464 for (5, 11), 0.4082 for (5, 25), 0.2500 for (6, 9), 0.2887 for (6, 11), 0.3015 for (6, 12), and 0.3333 for (7, 28) with an enhancement the parameters number of iterations and tolerance value in time less than one second. Also, superior to the “Grassmannian package” method in execution time, also the execution time for BCASC, CBGC, and ORIG-BCASC methods was more than one second. The performed simulations verified the uplink spectral efficiency and total capacity rate after applying the spreading codes generated from the suggested algorithm. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm for generating NOMA spreading codes tokens based on complex ETFs and exported from our algorithm provided better performance and capacity than other multi-access signatures.