Effect of conventional cigarette smoking and recent heated tobacco products on CAD/CAM restorative materials

Abstract

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of conventional cigarette smoking (CS) and recent heated tobacco products (HTPs) on the surface roughness and color stability of different indirect restorative materials. Methods: One hundred disc-shaped samples were constructed of three different restorative CAD/CAM materials: lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), zirconia (BruxZir® Zirconia, Glidewell, USA) and polyetheretherketone (BioHPP® bredent GmbH, Germany). Of the IPS e.max CAD and the Bruxzir samples, 20 samples were glazed, and 20 samples were polished, while the BioHPP samples were all polished according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Fifty samples were subjected to conventional cigarette smoking (LM, Philip Morris International Inc., Egypt), and fifty samples were exposed to heated tobacco product smoking (Heets, Russet selection, Philip Morris International Inc., Italy). Six hundred cigarettes/heets representing 30 days of medium smoking behavior (20 cigarettes/day) were used. Before and after exposure to smoke, the surface roughness of all the samples was measured using JITAI8101 surface roughness tester (Beijing Jitai Tech Detection Device Co., Ltd, China, and the color parameters were assessed using VITA Easyshade Advance 4.01 (VITA shade, VITA made, VITA). The surface topography was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to determine changes in the surface chemical composition. Results: Both types of smoking caused significant increases in the surface roughness of all the samples. Compared with HTP, conventional cigarette smoking induced significantly greater changes in the surface roughness of polished surfaces. Compared with HTP, conventional cigarette smoking caused a significantly greater change in color, and zirconia had the greatest effect on color change, while peek had the least effect. Conclusion: Exposure to different types of smoking induce changes in the surface topography and color of different esthetic restorative materials. Compared with HTP, conventional cigarette smoke has a greater effect on the surface roughness and color stability of esthetic restorative materials. The glazed surfaces showed less change in surface topography than did the polished surfaces. Zirconia showed better color stability when compared to peek.