Impact of diabetic retinopathy on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in diabetics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2008

Abstract

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of diabetic retinopathy (DR) status or severity on all-cause and cause-specific mortality among diabetic older adults in the United States using the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) follow-up mortality data. Methods The severity of DR was graded according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading scale. Multiple covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, Fine and Gray competing risk regression models, and propensity score matching (PSM) methods were used to assess the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in diabetic patients. All analyses adopted the weighted data and complex stratified design approach proposed by the NHANES guidelines. Time to death was calculated based on the time between baseline and date of death or December 31, 2019, whichever came first. Results Ultimately 1077 participants, representing 3,025,316 US non-hospitalized diabetics, were included in the final analysis. After a median follow-up of 12.24 years (IQR, 11.16–13.49), 379 participants were considered deceased from all-causes, with 43.90% suffering from DR, including mild DR (41.50%), moderate to severe DR (46.77%), and proliferative DR (PDR) (67.21%). Having DR was associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM)-specific mortality, which remained consistent after propensity score matching (PSM). DR grading analysis suggested that the presence of mild, moderate to severe NPDR was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD-specific mortality, while the presence and severity of any DR was significantly associated with increased DM-specific mortality, with a significant trend test (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The diagnosis of DR is an independent risk factor for all-cause and CVD mortality in elderly diabetic patients. DR grading may serve as an effective predictive indicator for continuous monitoring of vascular status in diabetics.