Severe central nervous system injury in children caused by COVID-19

Abstract

Abstract Purpose To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of severe central nervous system (CNS) injury in children caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Method We retrospectively studied confirmed pediatric cases of COVID-19 complicated with CNS injury. Results Nine patients diagnosed with COVID-19 complicated with severe CNS injury were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of the Affiliated Hospital of Jining University from December 1, 2022 to January 12, 2023. Of the nine patients, seven were male (77.78%). Five children were aged ≥ 10 years, and the others were 1–2 years old. All children had fever, eight had convulsions, seven had progressed to multiple organ failure, and all suffered varying degrees of coma. Most of the children had elevated interleukin-6 (100%), lactic acid (100%), alanine transaminase (87.5%), aspartate transaminase (87.5%), creatine kinase MB (87.5%), and lactate dehydrogenase (85.7%) levels. Four children had cerebrospinal fluid protein-cell separation. The cranial imaging results of five children were abnormal. One child had lost his vital signs when admitted to hospital, and the remaining eight received hormonal shock, human immunoglobulin transfusion, anti-infection, cranial pressure reduction, and mechanical ventilation treatments, among others, during hospitalization. Ultimately, eight children died, and the remaining child has serious neurological sequelae and is undergoing rehabilitation. Conclusions Severe CNS injury caused by COVID-19 has an acute onset, rapid progression, high disability rate, and high fatality rate. A low cerebrospinal fluid protein level may be a protective factor for children with severe nervous system injury caused by COVID-19.