Affiliation:
1. University of Indonesia
2. University of Andalas
3. National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
4. University of Hasanuddin
Abstract
Abstract
Background Indonesia is home for many species of non-human primate (NHP). The current deforestation has substantially reduced the habitat of the NHPs and intensifies interaction with human being and thus open the possibility of pathogen spill over. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of malaria parasite infection among the NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia during the period of 2022 through the capture and release of wild NHPs using a trap installed in several localities surrounding the sanctuary that border the human settlement. The potential Anopheles sp. mosquito that may transmit the pathogen to human was also explored.Methods Epidemiologic surveys were conducted through the capture and release of wild NHPs using a trap installed in several localities surrounding the wildlife sanctuary that border the human settlement. Captured NHP was anesthetized and blood samples were aseptically drawn using phlebotomy to make blood smear and dried blood spot (DBS) on filter paper. Infection of the captured NHPs with malaria was determined using light microscopy on Giemsa-stained blood smears and PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the amplicons using the rPLU oligos. The species of the NHP was determined using the barcoding DNA markers, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Mosquito surveillance included larval collection on breeding sites and adult collection using human landing catch (HLC) and light traps.Results Analysis of the DNA extracted from the DBS of the 110 captured NHPs, revealed positive Plasmodium, namely P. cynomolgi, P.coatneyi, P. inui, P. knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. at the prevalence rate of 42% and 50% by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Molecular analysis on the captured NHPs identified several species of Macaca sp. and Hylobates sp. Mosquito surveillance identified several common breeding sites such as ditch, piddle, and natural ponds. Anopheles letifer was found during HLC carried sporozoites of primate malaria.Conclusion The findings indicate a high prevalence of primate malaria infection among the NHPs and in certain areas the Anopheles sp. vector that potentially transmit zoonotic malaria such as An. letifer were identified during HLC. Overall, the zoonotic malaria transmission in several areas is immense.
Publisher
Research Square Platform LLC
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