Predicting Radiation Esophagitis using 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT in Patients with LA-ESCC Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: This prospective study examined whether 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT can predict the development and severity of radiation esophagitis (RE) in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (LA-ESCC) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Methods: From June 2021 to March 2022, images were prospectively collected from LA-ESCC patients who underwent 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT examinations before and during radiotherapy. The development of RE was evaluated weekly according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criterion. The target-to-background ratio in blood (TBRblood) was analyzed at each time point and correlated with the onset and severity of RE. Factors that predicted RE were identified by multivariate logistic analyses. Results: Thirty patients (median age, 66.5 years [interquartile range: 56–71 years]; 22 men) were evaluated. Significantly higher TBRblood (during radiotherapy, mean: 3.06 vs 7.11, P = 0.003) and change in TBRblood compared with pre-RT (ΔTBRblood, mean: 0.67 vs 4.81, P = 0.002) were observed in patients with RE than patients without RE. Those with grade 3 RE had a significantly higher TBRblood (during radiotherapy, mean: 4.55 vs 9.66, P = 0.003) and ΔTBRblood (mean: 2.16 vs 7.50, P = 0.003) compared with those with RE < grade 3. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified TBRblood (during radiotherapy, AUC = 0.902; AUC = 0.912) and ΔTBRblood (AUC = 0.911; AUC = 0.922) as significant predictors of the development of RE and specifically grade 3 RE. On multivariate analysis, ΔTBRblood was identified as a significant predictor of both RE (P = 0.021) and grade 3 RE (P = 0.038). Conclusion: The ΔTBRblood on 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT may be effective at identifying patients at risk for the development of RE, especially grade 3 RE.