Rocket launches threaten global conservation

Abstract

Satellite technologies are essential for global conserving through providing continuous, real-time Earth monitoring. However, development of these technologies necessitates an increase in rocket launches, which introduces new threats to biodiversity. Here, we mapped rocket launch sites (RLS) and assessed their threats on conservation. Globally, over 90% RLS are within areas where unprotected habitats excesses 50% and over 62% of operating RLS are located within or near protected areas (PA). Importantly, the threats of RLS on conservation are more associated with specific biomes of their location, than responding to latitudinal, longitudinal, and inland versus coastal geographical patterns. Specifically, threatened terrestrial species in Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests (TSMBF) are more susceptible to risks from launches than those in other biomes. Our results suggest that without strategic planning for RLS, growing launches could create conflicts between conservation efforts and technology development, compromising the conservation achievement of UN Biological Diversity Goals.