Affiliation:
1. University of Southern California
2. Université Grenoble-Alpes
3. University of Michigan
4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley
5. Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Abstract
Abstract
Large, sediment-laden floods in mountainous terrain can have disastrous consequences and play important roles in landscape evolution. These events often unfold as a series of interconnected processes, but understanding of such “hazard cascades” has been hampered by lack of quantitative data on sediment movement. Here, we use a time series of high-resolution satellite imagery to quantify erosion and aggradation during the 2021 Melamchi Khola Floods in the Himalaya of central Nepal, providing a unique sediment budget for such an event. Our analysis reveals massive headwater erosion via remobilization of Gorkha landslides, gullying, debris-flows, and incision of glacial deposits. Unlike many other high mountain floods, the widely distributed erosion suggests this event was not primarily driven by a single source, e.g., glacial lake or landslide dam failure. High sediment supply caused aggradation in a high-elevation, low-relief glacial valley and triggered catastrophic incision into associated ancient fills. As this material was transported downstream, it caused further riverbed incision that in turn resulted in failures of surrounding hillslopes. Further downstream, as river steepness diminished, the main channel in the lower basin was widened by 3-5-fold and aggraded by ~ 5–20 m. However, deposition in the Melamchi Khola was not enough to accommodate the vast amount of flood material, and over 70% was delivered from the Melamchi Khola to the downstream Indrawati basin. Our sediment budget provides rare insight into the chain of events involved in a massive flood and helps shed light on how such floods can magnify hazard and reshape the fluvial landscape.
Publisher
Research Square Platform LLC
Reference40 articles.
1. Flow hydraulics and geomorphic effects of glacial-lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal;Cenderelli DA;Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group,2003
2. Evidence for Holocene megafloods down the Tsangpo River gorge, southeastern Tibet;Montgomery DR;Quaternary Research,2004
3. Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya;Bookhagen B;Geophysical Research Letters,2006
4. Broxton, M. J., & Edwards, L. J. (2008). The Ames Stereo Pipeline: Automated 3D surface reconstruction from orbital imagery. 39th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
5. Moratto, Z. M., Broxton, M. J., Beyer, R. A., Lundy, M., & Husmann, K. (2010). Ames Stereo Pipeline, NASA's open source automated stereogrammetry software. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献