Resistance to protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ghana: a case for viral load and drug resistance monitoring

Abstract

Abstract Objective: Routine viral load and drug resistance testing are well supported in most resource-rich settings and provide valuable benefits in the clinical care of PLWH in these communities. Undoubtedly, there exist financial and political constraints for the scale-up of viral load and drug resistance testing in Sub-Saharan Africa. To achieve the global UNAIDS 95/95/95 targets, there is the need to bridge this inequity in patient care and allow for a universal approach that leaves no community behind. Methods: Venous blood from 96 PLWH on second-line ART from Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital were collected and processed into plasma for CD4+ T- cell and viral load assessments. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from stored plasma and the protease gene amplified, sequenced and analyzed for subtype and drug resistance mutations using the Stanford HIV drug resistance database. Results: Out of the 96 PLWH, 37 experienced virological failure with 8 patients’ samples successfully sequenced. The predominant HIV-1 subtype identified was CRF02_AG (6/7, 86 %) and CFR06_cpx (1/7, 14%). The major PI resistance mutations identified were; M46I, I54V, V82A, I47V, I84V and L90M. Conclusions: Persons living with HIV who had experienced virologic failure in this study harboured drug resistance mutations to PI, thus compromise the effectiveness of the drugs in the second line. Resistance testing is strongly recommended prior to switching to second-line therapy. This will help to inform the choice of drug and to achieve optimum therapeutic outcome among PLWH in Ghana.